Là từ dùng để liên kết các từ, cụm từ hoặc câu với nhau
Chức năng: liên kết
- từ - từ : She is nice and tall
- cụm từ - từ: Is your cat in the garden or in front of the door?
- câu - câu: We stand will camping although it rains.
1. Liên từ kết hợp (Coordinating conjunctions)
- And (và, với) : she has dinner with Hoa and Binh
- But (nhưng) : Hien is nice but short
- Or (hoặc): Which colour do you prefer, red or white?
- Yet (nhưng): Hung can dance, yet he can't sing.
- So (vì vậy): John work hard, so he got good salary.
2. Liên từ tương quan (Correlative conjunctions)
- Both ... and ... (cả ... và ...) : He likes both tea and coffee. Both John and Linda like eating ice-cream. (động từ chia số nhiều)
- Either .. or (hoặc ... hoặc ...): You can have either apples or pears. Either I or she has a key. (động từ chia theo S sau)
- Neither ... nor (cả... lẫn .. đều không): Neither Nam nor they like dancing. (động từ chia theo S sau)
- Not only ... but also... (không những mà còn): They can play not only tennis but also basketball.
3. Liên từ phụ thuộc (Subordinating conjunctions)
- Although / Though / Eventhough (mặc dù):
+) Mệnh đề 1 + Although / Though / Eventhough + mệnh đề 2 (She still went to the cinema although it was rainning)
+) Although / Though / Eventhough + mệnh đề = inspite of / despite + Ving / N
Although John was tired, he still to finish his work
= Inspite of being tired, John still tried to finish his work.
= Despite being tired, John still tries to finish his work.
- Because (bởi vì):
because + mệnh đề = because of, due to + Ving / N
Because she is sick, she can't go to work.
= Because of being sick, she can't go to work.
= Due to being sick, she can't go to work.
- Liên từ phụ thuộc khác:
+) as long as (miễn là), as soon as (ngay sau khi), so that / in order that (để), in case (phòng khi), when, while, since, unless (nếu không)
+) đều sử dụng với mệnh đề, với when và while còn được dùng với Ving hoặc cụm từ.
các ví dụ:
- I will lend you my car as long as you drive carefully.
- Mia left as soon as she heard the news.
- I carried a map so that I wouldn't get lost.
- Take an umbrella in case it rains.
- Unless you come, I will be very sad.
- Since I didn't have enough money, I couldn't buy a new bike.
- While I was in London, I loved her. = While in London, I loved her.
- When Mary graduated from university, she plans to work for a multinational company = When graduating from university, Mary plan to work for a multinational company.
4. Từ hoặc cụm từ chuyển ý (Transition signals)
- However / Nevertheless (tuy nhiên): nối hai câu có sự tương phản nhau, nevertheless mang nghĩa trang trọng hơn.
+) Câu thứ nhất . However / neverthelsee, câu thứ hai: She felt tired. However, she went to work.
+) Câu thứ nhất ; However / neverthelsee, câu thứ hai: He likes to watch volleyball matches; however he doesn't play volleyball.
- Otherwise (nếu không thì): chỉ kết quả không mong muốn so với việc đang làm,
+) câu thứ nhất . Otherwise, câu thứ hai. : We must run. Otherwise, we will be late for work.
+) câu thứ nhất ; otherwise, câu thứ hai. : Hurry up; otherwise, we won't get a seat.
